Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in Adults: Symptoms and Treatment

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder caused by alcohol exposure during the developing baby’s time in the womb. When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, it can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus, leading to a variety of physical, cognitive, and behavioral issues.

This condition is part of a broader group of conditions known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). These include a range of effects from prenatal alcohol exposure, such as physical abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, behavioral problems, and learning difficulties.

Contributing Factors of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Several factors can influence the severity of FAS, including:

• Timing of Alcohol Exposure: Alcohol consumption at any stage of pregnancy can cause harm. However, the first trimester is particularly critical because of organ and central nervous system development.
• Frequency and Consumption: Binge drinking or regular consumption of large amounts of alcohol is particularly harmful.
• Genetic Factors: Genetic predispositions can influence the severity of FAS. Some fetuses may be more susceptible to the effects of alcohol due to genetic factors.
• Nutrition and Overall Health: Poor nutrition can exacerbate the effects of alcohol on the developing fetus.
• Environmental Factors: The environment in which the mother lives, including stress levels, support systems, and access to healthcare, can influence alcohol consumption and its effects on the fetus.

FAS Symptoms in Adults

The physical symptoms and characteristics of FAS can be evident from birth and may persist into adulthood. However, they may become less pronounced over time, leading to misdiagnosis or a lack of diagnosis altogether.

Common physical traits include:

• Short Stature: Adults with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome often have a shorter height compared to their peers.
• Small Head Circumference: A smaller head size, or microcephaly, is a typical feature.
• Distinctive Facial Features: These include a smooth philtrum (the area between the nose and upper lip), a thin upper lip, and small eyes. These facial features are often key indicators of prenatal alcohol exposure.

Long-Term Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Cognitive and behavioral issues are some of the most significant and lasting impacts of FAS. These may include:

• Intellectual Disabilities: Individuals with FAS often have lower IQs and face challenges with learning and behavior. This can affect their ability to acquire new information and skills.
• Executive Functioning Problems: Many adults with FAS struggle with planning, organizing, problem-solving, and impulse control. These difficulties can impact their daily lives and their ability to achieve long-term goals.
• Memory Issues: Short-term and long-term memory problems are common, making it hard for individuals to retain and recall information.
• Mental Health Disorders: Adults with FAS are at an increased risk of developing mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and other mood disorders.
• Social Skills Deficits: Many individuals with FAS have difficulty understanding social cues, forming and maintaining relationships, and displaying appropriate social behavior.
• Health Issues: Adults with FAS may experience persisting congenital health problems or hearing and vision problems.
• Susceptibility to Substance Abuse: There is a higher risk of developing substance and alcohol abuse disorders, partly due to difficulties in managing stress and social challenges.

How Much Drinking Causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

There is no established safe amount of alcohol that can be consumed during pregnancy without risking harm to the fetus. The safest choice is to stop drinking or consuming alcohol entirely during pregnancy.

Here are some of the reasons why abstaining is the safest option:

• Alcohol can reach the developing baby through the umbilical cord, affecting the baby’s brain and other organs.
• A pregnant woman’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is the same as her baby’s BAC.
• Alcohol can interfere with the baby’s getting the nutrients it needs from the mother.

Babies are also at risk of developing other alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND), alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD), and partial FAS (pFAS).

Diagnosing Adult Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in adults can be challenging. The physical features commonly associated with FAS may become less noticeable with age, and the primary symptoms may manifest as cognitive and behavioral issues. It can also be difficult to obtain a reliable history of alcohol use during pregnancy.

Here’s how doctors diagnose FAS in adults:

• Physical Examination: A doctor will assess for physical signs of FAS, such as small head size, short stature, and certain facial features like a thin upper lip.
• Medical History: They will discuss any known alcohol use during pregnancy by the mother and gather information about your growth patterns and development.
• Cognitive Assessment: A neuropsychological assessment might be recommended. This involves tests to evaluate memory, attention, learning, and problem-solving abilities.

Since there’s no single test for FAS, doctors rely on a combination of these factors to make a diagnosis.

Treating FAS in Adults

There is unfortunately no cure for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The brain damage caused by prenatal alcohol exposure is permanent. However, treatment options are available to manage the various symptoms and improve an adult’s quality of life. These can include:

• Medical Care: Addressing any physical health problems associated with FAS, like vision or hearing issues.
• Mental Health Support: Therapy (such as cognitive behavioral therapy) can help with challenges like learning disabilities, memory problems, or difficulty controlling emotions.
• Medications: Medications can be prescribed to manage specific symptoms like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety, or depression.
• Educational and Vocational Support: Assistance programs can help adults with FAS develop skills for independent living and employment.
• Alternative Therapies: Some people find relaxation techniques, creative therapies like art or music, or even yoga beneficial.

Since FAS is a lifelong condition, treatment strategies are typically multidisciplinary and tailored to individual needs. The goal is to provide a supportive environment that addresses the unique challenges faced by each individual, helping them lead fulfilling and independent lives to the greatest extent possible.

Finding Help For Alcohol Abuse

Preventing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome starts with addressing alcohol abuse in potential mothers. Women must avoid any alcoholic drink during pregnancy to prevent the risk of FAS. Seeking help for alcohol abuse not only benefits the individual but also significantly reduces the risk of prenatal alcohol exposure, thus preventing FAS in future pregnancies.

If you or someone you know is struggling with alcohol abuse, our Scottsdale Rehab centers are here to provide help and support. Our skilled addiction specialists can discuss and guide you to a tailored treatment plan for addiction recovery. Reach out to our team today and choose a life free from substance abuse.